1.2.1 Classical Probability

The interpretation of classical probability is often the first one encountered in formal education. This interpretation originated from the games of chance such as rolling dice. Classical probability asserts that in situations where there are multiple possible outcomes, and each outcome is distinct and considered equally likely to occur, the probability is distributed equally among all these outcomes.

For a random experiment, the probability of an event  can be expressed by the notation:

•  is the number of outcomes that can result in the occurrence of .
•  is the total number of possible outcomes in the experiment.

Example 1.1. Consider an experiment that involves flipping a fair coin. Here, we have two equally likely possible outcomes (): heads and tails. Since the coin is fair, both sides have an equal chance of landing. If we want to find the probability of the event “coin landing on heads”, the number of outcomes () where the coin lands on…